Black children and youth are more likely to drown in public pools, and white children and youth are more likely to drown in residential pools. People with seizure disorders such as epilepsy are at a higher risk of fatal and nonfatal drowning than the general population. Drowning is the most common cause of unintentional injury death, with the bathtub being the most common site of drowning for people with seizure disorders.
Drowning can happen quickly and quietly anywhere there is water, especially to unsupervised children. It happens in lakes and oceans, pools, bathtubs, and even buckets of water. The highest risk locations for drowning vary by age. Among infants under 1 year old, two thirds of all drownings occur in bathtubs.
Life jackets can prevent drowning during water activities, especially boating and swimming. Alcohol impairs balance, coordination, and judgment, and it increases risk-taking behavior.
Certain medications can increase the risk of drowning, especially psychotropic medications commonly prescribed for depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and other conditions. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. Drowning Prevention.
Section Navigation. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. Drowning Facts Minus Related Pages. Drowning is a leading cause of death for children. In the United States: More children ages 1—4 die from drowning than any other cause of death except birth defects. For children ages 1—14 , drowning is the second leading cause of unintentional injury death after motor vehicle crashes. While children are at highest risk, anyone can drown. Nonfatal drowning can result in long-term health problems and costly hospital stays.
For every child who dies from drowning, another eight receive emergency department care for non-fatal drowning. What is drowning? Fatal drowning happens when the drowning results in death. Top of Page. Some people have a higher risk of drowning. Children Children ages 1—4 have the highest drowning rates. Some racial and ethnic groups Drowning death rates for American Indian or Alaska Native people ages 29 and younger are 2 times higher than the rates for White people, with the highest disparities among those ages rates 3.
People with seizure disorders or certain medical conditions People with seizure disorders such as epilepsy are at a higher risk of fatal and nonfatal drowning than the general population.
Certain factors make drowning more likely. Lack of close supervision Drowning can happen quickly and quietly anywhere there is water, especially to unsupervised children. Location The highest risk locations for drowning vary by age. Not wearing life jackets Life jackets can prevent drowning during water activities, especially boating and swimming. Using drugs and prescription medications Certain medications can increase the risk of drowning, especially psychotropic medications commonly prescribed for depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and other conditions.
Accessed 16 April Secondary drowning is a non-specific term for death after 24hrs from complications of submersion. These waters are often deep and frequently have strong currents. The survival time is limited for anyone who gets into difficulties in such water.
Weak or non-swimmers may survive for only a few seconds in cold, deep or fast flowing water. Competent swimmers or those acclimatised to cold may be more able to get out alive, although they may simply take longer to drown.
Successful rescue usually depends on the presence and quick response of a skilled rescuer with some form of rescue equipment, and the ability of the victim to co — operate and not struggle.
Most drowning victims are taken by surprise and are in a state of shock, often silent and missing the shouting and arm waving as seen on TV. In this stage the victim recognises danger and becomes afraid. The victim assumes a near-vertical position in the water, with little or no leg movement. The head will be tilted back with the face turned up.
Victims rarely make any sounds; they are struggling just to breath. The victim has now dropped below the static water line and the body in an attempt to protect itself, Initiates involuntary breath holding. This occurs because water has entered the mouth and causes the epiglottis to close over the airway.
Without Oxygen, the victim will lose consciousness. Because the victim has been without oxygen, the body shuts itself down as unconsciousness results. In this stage the victim will be motionless. There is no chest movement or breathing sounds. About four times as many people are hospitalized for nonfatal drowning as die as a result of drowning. Drowning is among the top 10 causes of accidental death around the world. In the United States in , drowning was the leading cause of injury-related death in children aged 1 to 4 years, and it was second only to motor vehicle collisions as a cause of death among children aged 5 to 9 years.
Drowning was also among the top 10 causes of unintentional death in people under 55 years of age. People who have conditions that cause temporary incapacitation, such as seizures, which is associated with a 20 times greater chance of drowning among children and adolescents.
People with long QT syndrome Long QT Syndrome and Torsades de Pointes Ventricular Tachycardia Torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia is a specific type of ventricular tachycardia that occurs in people who have a particular disorder of the heart's electrical activity called long Heart disorders are Drowning is common in pools, hot tubs, and natural water settings. Children and toddlers are also at risk even around small amounts of water, such as in toilets, bathtubs, and buckets of water or other fluids, because they may be unable to escape after falling in.
Diving, particularly into shallow water, may cause spinal injuries Injuries of the Spinal Cord and Vertebrae Most spinal cord injuries result from motor vehicle crashes, falls, assaults, and sports injuries. Symptoms, such as loss of sensation, loss of muscle strength, and loss of bowel, bladder, and Common causes of head injuries include falls, motor vehicle crashes, assaults, and mishaps during sports and recreational activities Dangerous underwater breath-holding behaviors DUBBs are practiced mostly by healthy young men often good swimmers trying to prolong their capacity to remain submerged.
There are three described types of DUBB:. Intentional hyperventilation—rapid breathing before submerging lowers carbon dioxide levels, prolonging the time before the levels become high enough to signal the need to return to the surface and breathe. Hypoxic training—breath-holding while in motion to increase capacity for underwater distance swimming. Athletes who practice hypoxic training should do so only under strict supervision of rescuers informed of the athletes' training intention.
Static apnea—breath-holding for as long as possible while submerged and motionless, including as a game. In DUBBs, people who intentionally hold their breath under water for extended periods may pass out called hypoxic blackout or breath-hold blackout and sometimes drown. Hyperventilating before swimming underwater in an attempt to increase breath-holding time can increase the risk of drowning. The vocal cords may go into severe spasm, temporarily preventing water from reaching the lungs but also preventing breathing.
In either case, the lungs cannot transfer oxygen to the blood. The decrease in the level of oxygen in the blood that results may lead to brain damage and death. Water in the lungs, in very large amounts, causes drowning immediately. Smaller amounts, particularly water that is contaminated by bacteria, algae, sand, dirt, chemicals, or vomit, can cause lung injury that is not apparent until hours after the person has been removed from the water.
This problem is sometimes called secondary drowning. Lung injury tends to cause continuing oxygen deprivation. Freshwater in the lungs is absorbed into the bloodstream. Vocal cord spasm may develop only after a person is removed from the water. If so, it usually occurs within a few minutes.
Because water does not enter the lungs, this condition is sometimes called dry drowning. Submersion in cold water has both good and bad effects. Cooling of the muscles makes swimming difficult, and dangerously low body temperature hypothermia Hypothermia Hypothermia is a dangerously low body temperature.
Hypothermia is often regarded as a cold injury, because it can be caused or made worse by exposure to cold surroundings. Being in an environment Cold, however, protects tissues from the ill effects of oxygen deprivation. In addition, cold water may stimulate the mammalian diving reflex, which may prolong survival in cold water. The diving reflex slows the heartbeat and redirects the flow of blood from the hands, feet, and intestine to the heart and brain, thus helping to preserve these vital organs.
The diving reflex is more pronounced in children than in adults, so children have a greater chance of surviving prolonged submersion in cold water than do adults.
People who are drowning and struggling to breathe are usually unable to call for help. Children who are unable to swim may submerge in less than 1 minute. Adults may struggle longer. People who are rescued may have a wide range of symptoms and findings. Some are only mildly anxious, whereas others are near death. They may be alert, drowsy, or unconscious.
Some people may not be breathing. People who are breathing may gasp for breath or vomit, cough, or wheeze. The skin may appear blue cyanosis Cyanosis Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from an inadequate amount of oxygen in the blood.
Cyanosis occurs when oxygen-depleted deoxygenated blood, which is bluish rather than
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